5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.5.3 Indices of Variability: 5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.5.3.2 Bad/Good Test—%BGT, which will normally be up to 20 % greater than %DS value, emphasizes the greatest spread in the entire length tested, (%DS is an average). If the value is greater than 50 % of the %DS, it suggests that there is a process that needs to be investigated.5.3.3 Density Spread—%DS is equivalent to the Uster % unevenness (Test Method D1425) and is an indication of short-term variability. Yarns with extreme values are more likely to cause trouble in subsequent yarn processes, which makes this perhaps the most useful index. The minimum achievable and maximum tolerance spread for a yarn product will depend on the yarn manufacturing process and end use. A spread of 3 to 4 % generally is, for most textile applications, in the range of 160 to 550 dtex (150 to 500 deniers). More critical applications, such as those using finer yarns, may require lower values.5.3.4 Density Frequency Variability—DFV is an index of spacing variability, whereas the others are indices of magnitude or unevenness. Frequency variability can induce resonance in high-speed processing and is a common source of barre, dye streaks, or patterned unevenness in fabrics.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.NOTE 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This standard classification will be used to:4.1.1 Standardize the package size increasing availability, versatility, and acceptability of bulk box/pallet units.4.1.2 Lower transport package manufacturing costs.4.1.3 Lower cost/lb of packaged resin because of higher net weight/package.4.1.4 Reduce environmental impact of pallets and bulk boxes by reducing waste.4.1.5 Support reuse of bulk boxes and pallets throughout the supply chain.4.1.6 Optimize lifecycle package cost.4.1.7 Improve both inbound and outbound freight cost in comparison to non-optimal packaging.4.1.8 Lower inventory/storage cost of raw materials (need less on hand).4.1.9 Reduce warehouse space for resin storage.4.1.10 Reduce forklift trips (carrying higher weight).4.1.11 Promote multi-industry usage of common footprint boxes and pallets (examples are the automotive and chemical drum industry).4.1.12 Guide the first-time resin packager as to a successful bulk box/pallet unit now in use in the resin industry.4.1.13 Optimize net product weight in truckload trailer vans and oversea containers.4.2 This standard classification will be used by:4.2.1 Resin producers/converters/compounders/customers to compare with their current practice.4.2.2 Bulk box manufacturers to recommend a proven cost-effective package for plastic resins in the targeted bulk density range.4.2.3 Pallet manufacturers as a common bulk box footprint pallet for the targeted bulk density ranges used by the plastic resin industry.4.2.4 Box liner manufacturers to size their liners to a specified volume dimension.4.2.5 Warehouses to provide space layout plans based on dimensions of the standard box/pallet unit.1.1 This classification covers containers used to hold plastic resins with bulk density (Test Methods D1895) of 27 to 39 lb/ft3 (0.432 to 0.625 g/cm3).1.2 This classification does not apply to any plastic resins with bulk density below 27 lb/ft3 (0.432 g/cm3) or above 39lb/ft3 (0.625 g/cm3).1.3 This classification does not apply to bulk boxes containing hazardous materials.1.4 This classification does not address box/pallet unitization requirements.1.5 This classification does not address requirements of plastic bag liners normally placed inside the corrugated bulk box before filling with plastic resin.1.6 This classification does not address tamping, shaking, or other compression methods of the resin filled bulk box to condense entrained air and increase headspace in the bulk box.1.7 This classification does not address blocking and bracing or other shipping requirements normally associated with bulk box unit deliveries.1.8 This classification does not address filled bulk box/pallet unit stack height.1.9 This classification does not address international shipping regulations of bulk box/pallet units.1.10 This classification does not address pallet opening sizes for pallet trucks.1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This classification offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this classification may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The freezing point of an aviation fuel is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Solid hydrocarbon crystals can restrict the flow of fuel in the fuel system of the aircraft. The temperature of the fuel in the aircraft tank normally decreases during flight depending on aircraft speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing point of the fuel must always be lower than the minimum operational fuel temperature.5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the freezing point.5.3 This test method expresses results with a resolution of 0.1 °C.5.4 This test method eliminates most of the operator time and judgment required by Test Method D2386.5.5 When the specification requires the use of Test Method D2386, do not substitute this test method or any other method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the temperature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels.NOTE 1: This test method describes an alternative procedure and automatic apparatus which closely mimics the apparatus and procedure described in Test Method D2386.1.2 The measuring range of the apparatus is from –70 °C to 0 °C, however the precision statements were derived only from samples with freezing point temperatures from –60 °C to –42 °C.NOTE 2: Typical aviation fuel has freezing point temperatures in the –60 °C to –40 °C range.1.3 Some results from this test method (14 % of samples included in the 2003 round robin2) incorrectly identified sample contamination where no contaminants were present in the samples (see research report2 for further information).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method can be used to quickly determine the lubricating ability of greases lubricating automotive plastic socket suspension joints. This test method has found wide application in qualifying greases used in chassis systems. This test method is a material and application oriented approach based on inputs from field experiences for characterizing the tribological behavior (friction and wear) using random, discrete, and constant parameter combinations. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications prior to commercialization.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the friction and wear behavior of grease lubricated plastic socket suspension joints, for validation of suspension joint greases and quality inspection for those greases under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 PFASs are widely used in various industrial and commercial products; they are persistent, bio-accumulative, and ubiquitous in the environment. PFASs have been reported to exhibit developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone disturbance. A draft Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is available.6 PFASs have been detected in soils, sludges, surface, and drinking waters. Hence, there is a need for quick, easy, and robust method to determine these compounds at trace levels in water matrices for understanding of the sources and pathways of exposure.5.2 This test method has been investigated for use with reagent, surface, sludge and wastewaters for selected PFASs. This test method has not been evaluated on drinking water matrices.1.1 This procedure covers the determination of selected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a water matrix using liquid chromatography (LC) and detection with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These analytes are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this test method. This test method adheres to a technique known as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) or sometimes referred to as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). This is not a drinking water method; performance of this test method has not been evaluated on drinking water matrices.1.2 The method detection limit (MDL)2 and reporting range3 for the target analytes are listed in Table 1. The target concentration for the reporting limit for this test method was 10 ng/L for most of the target analytes at the time of development.1.2.1 The reporting limit in this test method is the minimum value below which data are documented as non-detects. The reporting limit may be lowered providing your lab meets the minimum performance requirements of this test method at the lower concentrations, this test method is performance based and modifications are allowed to improve performance. Analyte detections between the method detection limit and the reporting limit are estimated concentrations and are not reported following this test method. In most cases, the reporting limit is the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 4 for the PFASs after taking into account the 50 % dilution with methanol. It is above the Level 1 calibration concentration for FHEA and FOEA, these compounds can be identified at the Level 1 concentration but the standard deviation among replicates at this lower spike level resulted in a higher reporting limit.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.NOTE 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels; this test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), including sustainable alternative jet fuels but has not been extensively tested for such applications.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The rubber properties that are measurable by these test methods are important for the isolation and absorption of shock and vibration. These properties may be used for quality control, development and research.5.2 Measurements in compression are influenced by specimen shape. This shape factor may be described as the ratio of the loaded surface area to the unloaded surface area. In applying data from a compression specimen, shape factor must be incorporated into the mathematical transferal to the application.1.1 These test methods cover the use of the Yerzley mechanical oscillograph for measuring mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates in the generally small range of deformation that characterizes many technical applications. These properties include resilience, dynamic modulus, static modulus, kinetic energy, creep, and set under a given force. Measurements in compression and shear are described.2,31.2 The test is applicable primarily, but not exclusively, to materials having static moduli at the test temperature such that forces below 2 MPa (280 psi) in compression or 1 MPa (140 psi) in shear will produce 20 % deformation, and having resilience such that at least three complete cycles are produced when obtaining the damped oscillatory curve. The range may be extended, however, by use of supplementary masses and refined methods of analysis. Materials may be compared either under comparable mean stress or mean strain conditions.1.3 Computerized data acquisition systems and data evaluation methods for Yerzley Mechanical Oscillograph are included The mechanical portion of the oscillograph remains the same. In the computerized type (digital data acquisition and recording), the mechanical recording mechanism has been replaced with a displacement transducer and digital data acquisition system, by which the required calculations are such that the results are available immediately and recorded in real time.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning see 12.14.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of these test methods is to establish consensus test methods by which both manufacturers and end users may perform tests to establish the validity of the readings of their radiation thermometers. The test results can also serve as standard performance criteria for instrument evaluation or selection, or both.4.2 The goal is to provide test methods that are reliable and can be performed by a sufficiently skilled end user or manufacturer. It is hoped that it will result in a better understanding of the operation of radiation thermometers and also promote improved communication between the manufacturers and the end users. A user without sufficient knowledge and experience should seek assistance from the equipment makers or other expert sources, such as those found at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland.4.3 These test methods should be used with the awareness that there are other parameters, particularly spectral range limits and temperature resolution, which impact the use and characterization of radiation thermometers and for which test methods have not yet been developed.4.3.1 Temperature resolution is the minimum simulated or actual change in target temperature that results in a usable change in output or indication, or both. It is usually expressed as a temperature differential or a percent of full-scale value, or both, and usually applies to value measured. The magnitude of the temperature resolution depends upon a combination of four factors: detector noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), electronic signal processing, signal-to-noise characteristics (including amplification noise), and analog-to-digital conversion “granularity.”4.3.2 Spectral range limits are the upper and lower limits to the wavelength band of radiant energy to which the instrument responds. These limits are generally expressed in micrometers (μm) and include the effects of all elements in the measuring optical path. At the spectral response limits, the transmission of the measuring optics is 5 % of peak transmission. (See Fig. 1.)FIG. 1 Spectral Range Limits1.1 The test methods described in these test methods can be utilized to evaluate the following six basic operational parameters of a radiation thermometer (single waveband type):  SectionCalibration Accuracy 8Repeatability 9Field-of-View 10Response Time 11Warm-Up Time 12Long-Term Stability 13   1.2 The term single waveband refers to radiation thermometers that operate in a single band of spectral radiation. This term is used to differentiate single waveband radiation thermometers from those termed as ratio radiation thermometers, two channel radiation thermometers, two color radiation thermometers, multiwavelength radiation thermometers, multichannel radiation thermometers, or multicolor radiation thermometers. The term single waveband does not preclude wideband radiation thermometers such as those operating in the 8–14 μm band.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method covers a technique for generating data to characterize the kinetics of the release of outgassing products from spacecraft materials. This technique will determine both the total mass flux evolved by a material when exposed to a vacuum environment and the deposition of this flux on surfaces held at various specified temperatures. The quartz crystal microbalances used in this test method provide a sensitive technique for measuring very small quantities of deposited mass. There are two test methods in this standard: Test Method A and Test Method B. The test apparatus shall consists of four main subsystems: a vacuum chamber, a temperature control system, internal configuration, and a data acquisition system. A test procedure for collecting data and a test method for processing and presenting the collected data are included.1.1 This test method covers a technique for generating data to characterize the kinetics of the release of outgassing products from materials. This technique will determine both the total mass flux evolved by a material when exposed to a vacuum environment and the deposition of this flux on surfaces held at various specified temperatures.1.2 This test method describes the test apparatus and related operating procedures for evaluating the total mass flux that is evolved from a material being subjected to temperatures that are between 298 and 398 K. Pressures external to the sample effusion cell are less than 7 × 10−3 Pa (5 × 10−5 torr). Deposition rates are measured during material outgassing tests. A test procedure for collecting data and a test method for processing and presenting the collected data are included.1.3 This test method can be used to produce the data necessary to support mathematical models used for the prediction of molecular contaminant generation, migration, and deposition.1.4 All types of organic, polymeric, and inorganic materials can be tested. These include polymer potting compounds, foams, elastomers, films, tapes, insulations, shrink tubing, adhesives, coatings, fabrics, tie cords, and lubricants.1.5 There are two test methods in this standard. Test Method A uses standardized specimen and collector temperatures. Test Method B allows the flexibility of user-specified specimen and collector temperatures, material and test geometry, and user-specified QCMs.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide assumes that a decision has been made that an ecological risk assessment is required for a contaminated site. In some cases, this decision could be made before any site data are collected. See Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Conceptual Relationships between Assessment Endpoints, Measurement Endpoints and Lines of Evidence (Source: Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan (FCSAP) Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance, Government of Canada, March 2012)4.2 The selection of assessment endpoints (defined as ecological values to be protected) and measurement endpoints (ecological characteristics related to the assessment endpoints) is a critical step in conducting an ecological risk assessment. Endpoint selection identifies those effects which are ecologically significant and not merely those that are adverse, thus providing a more rational and defensible basis for making risk and remedial decisions.4.3 This guide provides an approach for identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints in an ecological risk assessment for a contaminated site. This guide has been developed because there is no universal, simple measure of ecological health analogous to measures used in human health risk assessment. Assessment and measurement endpoints have to be identified and selected from a variety of individual circumstances on a stressor-, ecosystem- and scale-specific basis. It is important to recognize that a diverse set of ecological endpoints could be required for a specific site. EPA/100/F15/005 Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints (GEAEs) For Ecological Risk Assessment: Second Edition With Generic Ecosystem Services Endpoints Added. July 2016)4.4 This guide is intended to be used primarily by a biologist, ecologist, ecotoxicologist, or a team of environmental scientists during problem formulation and work plan development prior to initiating data collection activities at a contaminated site (3-8, 10).4.5 Ecological risk assessment is usually an iterative process. In many circumstances it proceeds as a series of tiers, that is, desktop/screening, preliminary, and detailed/focused phases. This guide can be used to refine or modify assessment and measurement endpoints developed in earlier phases of the process.4.6 This guide can be used whenever assessment and measurement endpoints must be identified and selected following an initial or preliminary problem formulation/planning phase:4.6.1 Analysis phase (exposure assessment, hazard/effects assessment, stress/dose-response assessment;4.6.2 Risk characterization phase; or4.6.3 Remediation phase and possible subsequent ecological monitoring.4.7 This guide is intended to be used in the evaluation of baseline conditions (current and future) and in the evaluation of conditions resulting from remedial actions or corrective measures.AbstractThis guide deals with an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors and agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at specific sites under current and future land uses. It does not address assessment and measurement endpoints for non-site specific studies (for example, chemical specific or regional risk assessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, or air). Conditions of the site and risk assessment that should be considered in identifying and selecting assessment and measurement endpoints include stressor characteristics, ecosystem types, spatial scale, temporal scale, ecological organization, and functionality/values. The following subsections present a partial listing of representative measurement endpoints: measurement endpoints representing ecosystem assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing community assessment endpoints, measurement endpoints representing population assessment endpoints, and measurement endpoints representing individual organism assessment endpoints. Other general considerations, desirable characteristics of assessment and measurement endpoints, candidate site-related ecological receptors, candidate assessment endpoints, specific steps in identifying, selecting and using assessment and measurement endpoints, addressing uncertainties in the identification and selection of assessment and measurement endpoints, documenting the selection of assessment and measurement endpoints.1.1 This guide covers an approach to identification, selection, and use of ecological endpoints (both assessment and measurement endpoints) (1-8)2 that are susceptible to the direct and indirect effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors or agents associated with wastes and contaminated media at specific sites under current and future land uses. It does not address assessment and measurement endpoints for non-site specific studies (for example, chemical-specific or regional risk assessments) or measurements in abiotic media (soil, water, or air).1.2 This guide addresses only the identification, selection, and use of assessment and measurement endpoints, not the full range of activities that occur in an ecological assessment or ecological risk assessment at a contaminated site (1, 3-8). These activities are addressed in other ASTM guides and references provided at the end of this guide.1.3 This guide is intended to identify assessment and measurement endpoints to be used for screening, preliminary, focused, detailed, and quantitative ecological risk assessments conducted in a linear or iterative fashion (3, 8). This is a partial, incomplete listing of possible levels of assessment. In a tiered ecological risk assessment, it may be necessary to redefine ecological endpoints when planning to collect more data or when additional site data are obtained and evaluated.1.4 This guide is intended to be used by trained biologists, ecologists, and ecotoxicologists familiar with risk assessment, and ecological and ecotoxicological concepts.1.5 This guide (including Appendix X1) consists of a series of options or instructions and does not recommend a specific course of action or provide detailed guidelines to be followed at all sites. See 2.2.2 of Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees.31.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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