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This specification describes the required properties and corresponding test methods for glass covers and slides for use in routine microscopy. The covers and slides comply to specified requirements as to dimension, planeness and parallelism, corrosion resistance, and workmanship. They shall also be tested for their conformance to other properties such as index of refraction, clarity, resistance to boiling, solubility, and wettability.1.1 This specification describes glass covers and slides for use in routine microscopy.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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5.1 Historical Overview—Earthen building systems have been used throughout the world for thousands of years. Adobe construction dates back to the walls of Jericho which were built around 8300 B.C. Many extant earthen structures have been functioning for hundreds of years. However, with the development of newer building materials, earthen building systems have fallen into disfavor in parts of the world where they were once commonly used. At the same time, earthen construction is experiencing a revival in the industrialized world, driven by a number of factors.5.2 Sustainability—As world population continues to rise and people continue to address basic shelter requirements, it becomes increasingly necessary to promote construction techniques with less life cycle impact on the earth. Earthen building systems are one type of technique that may have a favorable life cycle impact.5.3 Building Code Impact—Earthen building systems have historically not been engineered, but as of the late 20th Century it is for the first time in history possible to reliably apply rational structural design methods to earthen construction. A large number of earthen building codes, guidelines, and standards have appeared around the world over the past few decades, based upon a considerable amount of research and field observations regarding the seismic, thermal, and moisture durability performance of earthen structures. Some of those standards are:Australian Earth Building HandbookCalifornia Historical Building CodeChinese Building StandardsEcuadorian Earthen Building StandardsGerman Earthen Building StandardsIndian Earthen Building StandardsInternational Building Code / provisions for adobe constructionNew Mexico Earthen Building Materials CodeNew Zealand Earthen Building StandardsPeruvian Earthen Building StandardsThis guide draws from those documents and the global experience to date in providing guidance on earthen construction to engineers, building officials, and regulatory agencies.5.4 Audience—There are two primary and sometimes overlapping markets for earthen construction and for this guide:5.4.1 Areas with Historical or Indigenous Earthen Building Traditions—In places where earthen architecture is embedded in the culture, or there is little practical or economical access to other building systems, this guide can set a framework for increasing life safety and building durability.5.4.2 Areas with a Nascent or Reviving Interest in Earthen Architecture—In places where earth is sometimes chosen over other options as the primary structural material, this guide provides a framework for codification and engineering design.1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both technical requirements and considerations for sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast earth, and other earthen building technologies used as structural and non-structural wall systems.NOTE 1: Other earthen building systems not specifically described in these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures as are common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judgment.1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations. One such decision is the selection of products for use in the building. This guide addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems.1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows: materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process, operational performance (product installed), and indoor environmental quality (IEQ).1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building systems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural components.1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification C1364).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 JPM produces two measurements: construction production rate and productivity.5.1.1 JPM measures the overall production rate by comparing CPIP to the time elapsed in the construction schedule.5.1.2 JPM measures overall job productivity through a comparison of labor usage to a reference point.5.2 JPM issues early warning signals for construction.5.2.1 JPM identifies productivity deviations in the form of any gains or losses in productivity, and anomalies indicating a special cause, from the productivity reference point.5.2.2 JPM measures the productivity changes to individual building elements (according to the UNIFORMAT II format for organizing building data, in Classification E1557) with the same methodology used for overall job productivity measurement.5.2.3 JPM measures ongoing changes in labor usage.5.3 JPM measures productivity wherever the labor is used in construction by:5.3.1 Any contractor or construction manager directly or indirectly responsible for the productivity of the labor and its usage.5.3.2 Any contractor or construction manager conducting self performance on any portion of the construction job.5.3.3 Any contractor or construction manager supervising labor performance on any portion of a construction job.1.1 Based on the UNIFORMAT II format for organizing building data, established in Classification E1557, and depending on the level where measurement is applied (industry, total job, or building element), JPM measures construction productivity at three levels: task, project, and industry (shown in Fig. 1). By comparing labor hours used against CPIP, JPM allows for unified measurement of established building elements (according to the UNIFORMAT II format. This practice establishes a process for measuring construction job productivity by comparing labor usage to CPIP.FIG. 1 Measurement of Productivity at the Industry, Project, and Task Level1.2 JPM measures labor productivity of the installation processes on a construction job.21.3 CPIP is measured with input from the labor performing the installation, utilizing elements of statistical process control (SPC) and industrial engineering.1.4 JPM takes into account the difficulty of installation at any given point on a job.1.5 JPM evaluates relative productivity changes using trend monitoring.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This standard covers digital reference images for inspection of aluminum and magnesium die castings. These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide: a guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through digital radiographic imaging; and example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings. These digital reference images consist of nine images covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in aluminum castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in magnesium castings. The last image contains ungraded illustrations of inclusions in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. This standard covers both graded and ungraded illustration categories. These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum and magnesium die castings when performing film radiography.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through digital radiographic imaging.1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.NOTE 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and acceptance criteria as described in Sections 5 and 6 of this standard.1.2 These digital reference images consist of nine images covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in aluminum castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in magnesium castings. The last image contains ungraded illustrations of inclusions in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings.1.3 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:1.3.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/8 in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) thick aluminum and magnesium die castings.1.3.2 Ungraded—One illustration of one discontinuity for 0.20 in. (5.1 mm) thickness aluminum die casting and one illustration of one discontinuity for 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) thickness magnesium die casting.1.4 This document may be used for other materials, thicknesses or with other energy levels for which it has been found to be applicable and agreement has been reached between purchaser and supplier.1.5 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.6 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum and magnesium die castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of aluminum or magnesium die castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E505.1.7 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes. (See Note 2.)NOTE 2: The set of digital reference images consists of nine digital data files, and software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The nine reference images illustrate eight sets of graded discontinuities and one category of ungraded discontinuities. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE2973.1.8 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 The process of recirculating MWFs entrains air bubbles which can accumulate, forming foam.4.2 Optimally, air bubbles burst open quickly after they are created. However, air bubble persistence is affected by MWF chemistry and the mechanisms by which energy is introduced into recirculating MWFs.4.2.1 The primary mechanisms imparting energy into recirculating MWFs are:4.2.1.1 Turbulent Flow—The high velocity (typically >0.75 m3 min–1; >200 gal min–1).4.2.1.2 Impaction—Energy generated when MWF strikes the tool-workpiece zone.4.2.1.3 Centrifugal Force—MWF moved by the force of rotating tools or work pieces.4.3 When air bubbles persist, they tend to accumulate as foam. Persistent foam can:4.3.1 Inhibit heat transfer;4.3.2 Cause pump impeller cavitation;4.3.3 Foul filters;4.3.4 Overflow from MWF sumps;4.3.5 Prevent proper lubrication;4.3.6 Contribute to MWF mist formation, including bioaerosol dispersion; and4.3.7 Contribute to safety and hygiene hazards in the plant.4.4 To prevent the adverse effects of MWF foam accumulation, chemical agents are either formulated into MWF concentrate, added tankside, or both.4.5 Laboratory tests are used to predict MWF foaming characteristics in end-use applications. However, no individual test is universally appropriate.4.6 This guide reviews test protocols commonly in use to evaluate end-use diluted MWF foaming tendency and the impact of foam-control agents on MWF foaming tendency.1.1 This guide provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.1.2 ASTM Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted, several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.1.3 Moreover, there are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam-control additive). Instead it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.1.4 The age of the reference and test fluid concentrates can be an important factor in their foaming behavior. Ideally, freshly prepared concentrates should be held at laboratory room temperature for at least one week before diluting for foam testing. This ensures that any neutralization reactions have reached equilibrium and enables microemulsions to reach particle size equilibrium. During screening tests, it is also advisable to test fluids after the concentrates have been heat aged and subjected to freeze/thaw treatment.1.5 The dilution water quality can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, fluid concentrates diluted with hard water will foam less than those diluted with soft, deionized, or reverse osmosis water. Screening tests using the expected range of dilution water quality are highly recommended.1.6 The temperature of the tested fluids can have a major impact on foaming properties. In general, test fluids should be held and tested at temperatures that closely mimic the real-world application and process.1.7 Cleanliness of test apparatus is critical during foam evaluation testing. Traces of residue on labware can significantly impact the observed foaming tendency of a test fluid. Best practice is to clean any glassware or other vessels using some version of a chemical cleaner that will alleviate any risk of cross contamination.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This specification covers agencies engaged in system analysis and compliance assurance for manufactured building. The administrative agency may utilize the services and facilities of building-evaluation agencies in carrying out its responsibilities for evaluating manufactured building systems. By providing criteria for evaluating these agencies, this standard's objective is to (1) utilize the voluntary standards system to provide a common base for the various regulatory approaches employed by the authorities having jurisdiction, and (2) make provision for varying degrees of optional technical support for the certification of manufactured building. The system analysis agency is responsible for determining whether a building system, including the design, materials, and fabrication process, is in conformance with applicable requirements. The documents of the system analysis function are: product description document, compliance assurance manual, and installation documents. The general procedures for system analysis are presented in details. The tasks of system analysis project manager, technical staff evaluating building systems, technical staff evaluating compliance assurance manuals, and project manager evaluating building systems are presented in details. The requirements and criteria for compliance assurance agencies are presented. The task of compliance assurance agency project manager, technical staff preparing compliance assurance manuals, compliance assurance supervisor of inspection, and compliance assurance inspector are presented in details.1.1 This specification provides the criteria for the administrative agency that has regulatory authority as granted by the authority having jurisdiction AHJ to evaluate the capabilities and qualifications of building evaluation agencies, that performs system analysis or compliance assurance or both for certification of manufactured building on behalf of an authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) that meet the needs of regulatory programs. Administrative agencies and building evaluation agencies (third-party agencies) are the primary users of the standard.1.2 To establish an appropriate degree of intra- and inter-state credibility regarding building system evaluations made through governmental or private agencies, the authorities having jurisdiction should utilize an oversight and approval process for the building-evaluation agencies that provide the services of system analysis or compliance assurance on behalf of the AHJ that may include: approval by the AHJ for both oversight and or auditing of the regulatory body, or approval by the AHJ and oversight, and or auditing by an independent auditor for the regulatory body, or approval with the AHJ and oversight, and auditing by an independent accreditation agency.1.3 Building-evaluation agencies examined under this specification may include governmental or private agencies or both.1.4 Practice E651 may be used to support the evaluation of building-evaluation agencies. Other criteria such as independence, financial stability, and objectivity may need to be considered.NOTE 1: Practice E651 is intended as a companion standard to Specification E541 and includes questions that should be asked of system analysis and compliance assurance agencies in order for the administrative agency to evaluate their competency.1.5 These criteria set forth the minimum personnel requirements and the technical and organizational procedures required for building-evaluation agencies engaged in evaluating manufactured building.1.6 Criteria are included for building-evaluation agencies evaluating innovative as well as conventional building systems, against applicable requirements.1.7 Building-evaluation agencies involved in testing, quality assurance, and evaluating building components can be evaluated by using Specification E699.1.7.1 Specification E699 is used in conjunction with Specification E541 and Practice E651. This specification defines the minimum requirements for agencies engaged in inspections and testing performance in accordance with ASTM standards for factory-built building components and assemblies. The criteria in this specification are provided for assessing the competence of an agency to properly perform designation testing, quality assurance, and inspection.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 The test procedures described in this test method can be used to determine the total weight basis moisture of any particulate wood fuel meeting the requirements specified in this test method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of total weight basis moisture in the analysis sample of particulate wood fuel. The particulate wood fuel may be sanderdust, sawdust, pellets, green tree chips, hogged fuel, or other type particulate wood fuel having a maximum particle volume of 16.39 cm3 (1 in.3). It is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis. Moisture, when determined as herein described, may be used to indicate yields on processes, to provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or to establish burning characteristics.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This consumer safety specification establishes the performance requirements and test procedures to determine the structural integrity, design requirements addressing entanglement on corner post extensions, and requirements for warning labels and instructional material for full-size baby cribs. Fully-furnished cribs shall be tested on, and correspondingly conform to the following test requirements: mattress support system vertical impact properties; drop and stationary side (static and cyclic) properties; crib side spindle/slat torque properties; drop and folding side latch properties; and plastic teething rail properties.1.1 This consumer safety specification establishes performance requirements and test procedures to determine the structural integrity of full-size cribs. It also contains design requirements addressing entanglement on crib corner post extensions, and requirements for warning labels and instructional material. It also covers bassinet, changing table, or similar accessories to a crib that when in the manufacturer’s recommended use position are in the occupant retention area. These accessories shall also comply with the applicable requirements of the ASTM International standards addressing those accessories. For example, a changing table that attaches to a crib shall also comply with the applicable requirements in Consumer Safety Specification F2388. This specification does not cover inflatable products.1.2 No crib produced after the approval date of this consumer safety specification shall, either by label or other means, indicate compliance with this specification unless it conforms to all requirements contained herein.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This standard defines the specialized terms used in standards developed by Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment.1.2 Definitions of Terms, which were drafted for use only in a single standard, are also included for convenient reference. Under ASTM rules they may become full definitions in the future, if they are used in additional standards.1.3 Additional terminology relevant to protective clothing and to the components of protective clothing can be found in Terminologies D123, D1566, and D4805.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Use the maximum energy input rate test to confirm that the braising pan is operating within 5 % of the manufacturer's rated input so that testing may continue. This test method also may disclose any problems with the electric power supply or gas service pressure. The maximum input rate can be useful to food service operators for managing power demand.5.2 The capacity test determines the maximum volume of food product the pan can hold and the amount of food product that will be used in subsequent tests. Food service operators can use the results of this test method to select a braising pan, which is appropriately sized for their operation.5.3 Production capacity is used by food service operators to choose a braising pan that matches their food output.5.4 Heatup energy efficiency and simmer energy rate allow the operator to consider energy performance when selecting a braising pan.5.5 Use the surface temperature uniformity to select a braising pan suitable for griddling applications.5.6 Use the pilot energy rate to estimate energy consumption for gas-fired braising pans with standing pilots during non-cooking periods.1.1 This test method evaluates the energy consumption and cooking performance of braising pans. The food service operator can use this evaluation to select a braising pan and understand its energy consumption and performance characteristics.NOTE 1: Braising pans also are commonly referred to as tilting skillets. This test method uses the term braising pan in accordance with Specification F1047.1.2 This test method is applicable to self-contained gas or electric braising pans. The braising pan can be evaluated with respect to the following, where applicable:1.2.1 Maximum energy input rate (10.2).1.2.2 Capacity (10.3).1.2.3 Heatup energy efficiency and energy rate (10.4).1.2.4 Production capacity (10.4).1.2.5 Simmer energy rate (10.5).1.2.6 Surface temperature uniformity, optional, (10.6).1.2.7 Pilot energy rate (10.7).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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