5.1 The design of a PV module or system intended to provide safe conversion of the sun's radiant energy into useful electricity must take into consideration the possibility of hazard should the user come into contact with the electrical potential of the array. In addition, the insulation system provides a barrier to electrochemical corrosion, and insulation flaws can result in increased corrosion and reliability problems. This test method describes a procedure for verifying that the design and construction of the array provides adequate electrical isolation through normal installation and use. At no location on the array should the PV-generated electrical potential be accessible, with the obvious exception of the output leads. The isolation is necessary to provide for safe and reliable installation, use, and service of the PV system.5.2 This test method describes a procedure for determining the ability of the array to provide protection from electrical hazards. Its primary use is to find insulation flaws that could be dangerous to persons who may come into contact with the array. Corrective action taken to address such flaws is beyond the scope of this test method.5.3 This procedure may be specified as part of a series of acceptance tests involving performance measurements and demonstration of functional requirements. Large arrays can be tested in smaller segments. The size of the array segment to be tested (called “circuit under test” in this test method) is usually selected at a convenient break point and sized such that the expected resistance or current reading is within the middle third of the meter's range.5.4 Insulation leakage resistance and insulation leakage current leakage are strong functions of array dimensions, ambient relative humidity, absorbed water vapor, and other factors. For this reason, it is the responsibility of the user of this test method to specify the minimum acceptable leakage resistance for this test.5.4.1 Even though a numerical quantity is specified, actual results are often pass-fail in that when a flaw is found, the leakage current changes from almost nothing to the full scale value on the meter.5.5 The user of this test method must specify the option used for connection to the array during the test. The short-circuited option requires a shorting device with leads to connect the positive and negative legs of the circuit under test. For larger systems, where the shorting device may have to be rated for high current and voltage levels, the open-circuited option may be preferred. The open-circuited option requires the user to correct readings to account for the PV-generated voltage, and the procedure for making such corrections is beyond the scope of this test method. The short-circuited option may be easier for small systems where the voltage and current levels are low and the distance between the plus and minus leads of the circuit under test are small. The short-circuited option minimizes the chance of exposing array components to voltage levels above those for which they are rated.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the insulation resistance of a photovoltaic (PV) array (or its component strings), that is, the electrical resistance between the array's internal electrical components and is exposed, electrically conductive, non-current carrying parts and surfaces of the array.1.2 This test method does not establish pass or fail levels. The determination of acceptable or unacceptable results is beyond the scope of this test method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission rates is an important test method widely used in the practice of air pollution control.5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal or state agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining compliance with regulations and statutes.5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard an important tool in manufacturer’s research and development programs.5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform basis for comparison of product performance that is useful to the consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced to the useful heat production.5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be fully representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that users of hand-fired wood burning equipment have a great deal of influence over the performance of any wood-burning appliance. Some compromises in realism have been made in the interest of providing a reliable and repeatable test method.1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired or automatically fed biomass burning hydronic heating appliances. These appliances transfer heat to the indoor environment through circulation of a liquid heat exchange media such as water or a water-antifreeze mixture.1.2 The test method simulates hand loading of seasoned cordwood or fueling with a specified biomass fuel and measures particulate emissions and delivered heating efficiency at specified heat output rates based on the appliance’s rated heating capacity.1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel method as specified in Test Method E2515. Delivered efficiency is determined by measurement of the usable heat output (determined through measurement of the flow rate and temperature change of water circulated through a heat exchanger external to the appliance) and the heat input (determined from the mass of dry fuel burned and its higher heating value). Delivered efficiency does not attempt to account for pipeline loss.1.4 Products covered by this test method include both pressurized and non-pressurized heating appliances intended to be fired with wood or automatically fed biomass fuels. These products are hydronic heating appliances which the manufacturer specifies for outdoor or indoor installation. They are often connected to a heat exchanger by insulated pipes and normally include a pump to circulate heated liquid. They are used to heat structures such as homes, barns, and greenhouses and can heat domestic hot water, spas, or swimming pools.1.4.1 Hydronic heating systems that incorporate a high mass heat storage system that is capable of storing the entire heat output of a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A1. Systems that incorporate high mass heat storage capable of storing a portion of the output from a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A2.1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this standard include:1.5.1 Manufacturers specify indoor or outdoor installation.1.5.2 A firebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel or a hopper and automated feed system for delivery of particulate fuel such as wood pellets or solid biomass fuel to a burn pot or combustion chamber.1.5.3 Typically a thermostatic control device that controls combustion air supply or fuel delivery, or both, to maintain the liquid in the appliance within a predetermined temperature range provided sufficient fuel is available in the firebox or hopper.1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion products from the appliance.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6.1 Exception—Metric units are used in 13.1, 13.4.3, Tables 4-6, and A1.11.6.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Visual interpretation of gear teeth condition is different from examining for cracks or early signs of macro-pitting. Visual interpretation is referred to ASNI/AGMA 1010-F14.5.1.1 The purpose of using an eddy current array for mill girth gear tooth examination is it drastically reduces the examination time; covers a large area in one single pass; provides real-time cartography of the examined region, facilitating data interpretation; and improves reliability and probability of detection (POD). One tooth can be examined in less than 30 seconds.NOTE 3: In this practice, ECA is used as a discontinuity finding tool (see Fig. 4) and a presentation aid as support once problems are discovered and photographed. Colors and three-dimensional (3D) images (see Fig. 5) that help with visualization are invaluable in such circumstances.5.1.2 The purpose of using alternating current field measurement is to size surface-breaking cracks electronically.5.1.3 This practice is a useful tool for a condition-based monitoring program.5.2 The examination results may then be used by qualified personnel or organizations to assess the severity and potential consequences of the failure modes identified. This practice is not intended for the examination of non-surface-breaking discontinuities. Other methods should be considered to address examination for non-surface-breaking discontinuities.NOTE 1: Throughout the standard, “gear” means gear or pinion unless the gear is specifically identified.1.1 This practice describes a two-part procedure for electromagnetic evaluation on gear teeth on mill and kiln gear drives and pinions. The first part of this practice details the ability to detect 100 % of surface-breaking discontinuities in the flank and root area on both the drive side and non-drive (coast) side of the gear tooth using an eddy current array. The second part of the examination is to size or measure accurately the length and depth of any cracks found in these areas using electromagnetic methods. No other practice addresses the use of electromagnetic methods for the detection and sizing of surface-breaking discontinuities on mill and kiln ring gear teeth. For reference, Fig. 1 contains a schematic diagram labeling the areas of the gear teeth.FIG. 1 Schematic Image Labeling the Regions of the Gear Teeth and the Area (Shown in Green Shading) That is Scanned in One Pass With the Eddy Current Array Probe1.2 This practice is used only for the detection of surface breaking discontinuities including cracking, macropitting, and certain scuffing and wear patterns. It will not provide a full gear tooth analysis. Visual examination by an experienced gear specialist is the best way to characterize fully the failure modes present. It is imperative that the analysis of the gear teeth is completed at the time of examination. Sending data offsite for analysis later is not recommended, as potential failure modes could be missed from lack of in-situ visual examination.1.3 Two technicians, one lead technician, and a gear technician, are typically required for this practice. One technician guides the probe and the other technician operates the computer/software and analyzes the gear teeth condition.1.4 It is important that the appropriate method standards, such as Practice E3024 and Practice E2261, accompany the technician when performing the examination. If crack sizing is performed, then it shall be performed using an electromagnetic testing method such as the alternating current field measurement approach of Practice E2261.1.5 It is recommended that the technician review the appendixes in this practice in advance of starting the job.1.6 A clean gear is recommended for a complete gear analysis. Depending on the lubrication used, the technician, in discussion with the client, shall determine the appropriate cleaning procedure. If an oil bath lubrication system is used, ensure the gear teeth surfaces are clean. If an asphaltic-based or synthetic-based lubricant is used, refer to the annexes and appendices in this practice.1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method may be used to measure the net heat transfer rate to a metallic or coated metallic surface for a variety of applications, including:5.1.1 Measurements of aerodynamic heating when the calorimeter is placed into a flow environment, such as a wind tunnel or an arc jet; the calorimeters can be designed to have the same size and shape as the actual test specimens to minimize heat transfer corrections;5.1.2 Heat transfer measurements in fires and fire safety testing;5.1.3 Laser power and laser absorption measurements; as well as,5.1.4 X-ray and particle beam (electrons or ions) dosimetry measurements.5.2 The thin-skin calorimeter is one of many concepts used to measure heat transfer rates. It may be used to measure convective, radiative, or combinations of convective and radiative (usually called mixed or total) heat transfer rates. However, when the calorimeter is used to measure radiative or mixed heat transfer rates, the absorptivity and reflectivity of the surface should be measured over the expected radiation wavelength region of the source, and as functions of temperature if possible.5.3 In 6.6 and 6.7, it is demonstrated that lateral heat conduction effects on a local measurement can be minimized by using a calorimeter material with a low thermal conductivity. Alternatively, a distribution of the heat transfer rate may be obtained by placing a number of thermocouples along the back surface of the calorimeter.5.4 In high temperature or high heat transfer rate applications, the principal drawback to the use of thin-skin calorimeters is the short exposure time necessary to ensure survival of the calorimeter such that repeat measurements can be made with the same sensor. When operation to burnout is necessary to obtain the desired heat flux measurements, thin-skin calorimeters are often a good choice because they are relatively inexpensive to fabricate.5.5 It is important to understand that the calorimeter design (that is, that shown in Fig. 1) will measure the “net” heat flux into the thin-skin calorimeter. This configuration may or may not be the same as the test specimen of interest. If it is the same configuration, then the results from use of Eq 1 can be used directly. But if the configuration is different, then some additional analysis should be performed. For example, if the actual test specimen has an insulated layer on the inside surface of the thin-skin, but the thin-skin calorimeter does not, then the net heat flux from Eq 1 will not be the same as the response of the test specimen. Refer to Appendix X1 for further discussion of this topic.1.1 This test method covers the design and use of a thin metallic calorimeter for measuring heat transfer rate (also called heat flux). Thermocouples are attached to the unexposed surface of the calorimeter. A one-dimensional heat flow analysis is used for calculating the heat transfer rate from the temperature measurements. Applications include aerodynamic heating, laser and radiation power measurements, and fire safety testing.1.2 Advantages: 1.2.1 Simplicity of Construction—The calorimeter may be constructed from a number of materials. The size and shape can often be made to match the actual application. Thermocouples may be attached to the metal by spot, electron beam, or laser welding.1.2.2 Heat transfer rate distributions may be obtained if metals with low thermal conductivity, such as some stainless steels or Inconel 600, are used.1.2.3 The calorimeters can be fabricated with smooth surfaces, without insulators or plugs and the attendant temperature discontinuities, to provide more realistic flow conditions for aerodynamic heating measurements.1.2.4 The calorimeters described in this test method are relatively inexpensive. If necessary, they may be operated to burn-out to obtain heat transfer information.1.3 Limitations: 1.3.1 At higher heat flux levels, short test times are necessary to ensure calorimeter survival.1.3.2 For applications in wind tunnels or arc-jet facilities, the calorimeter must be operated at pressures and temperatures such that the thin-skin does not distort under pressure loads. Distortion of the surface will introduce measurement errors.1.3.3 Interpretation of the heat flux estimated may require additional analysis if the thin-skin calorimeter configuration is different from the test specimen.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis provide a rapid method for determining the fusion and crystallization temperatures of crystalline materials.5.2 This test is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.1.1 This test method describes the determination of melting (and crystallization) temperatures of pure materials by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).1.2 This test method is generally applicable to thermally stable materials with well-defined melting temperatures.1.3 The normal operating range is from −120 to 600°C for DSC and 25 to 1500°C for DTA. The temperature range can be extended depending upon the instrumentation used.1.4 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to those in this test method may be used.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers dry air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying and bonding refractory brick in ship boiler furnaces and wet air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying refractory brick in stationary boiler furnaces, bright annealing furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, and furnaces heated by electric elements. The refractory mortar shall be of the following types: Type 1 and Type 2. The mortar shall be composed of finely ground heat-resistant clays, minerals, or a mixture of clays and minerals in either a dry or wet condition. Fineness test, heat soak, and bonding strength test shall be performed to conform with the specified requirements.1.1 This specification covers dry air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying and bonding refractory brick in ship boiler furnaces and wet air-setting refractory mortar for use in laying refractory brick in stationary boiler furnaces, bright annealing furnaces, controlled atmosphere furnaces, and furnaces heated by electric elements.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide covers design criteria, requirements, material characteristics, and essential features for oil spill dispersant application systems, it covers spray systems employing booms and nozzles for use on boats or ships and helicopters or airplane. The equipment description, equipment minimum performance specification, and equipment design are presented in details. Materials on ship or boat systems should be corrosion-resistant to salt water. All materials that come into contact with dispersants should be compatible with that dispersant.1.1 This guide covers design criteria, requirements, material characteristics, and essential features for oil spill dispersant application systems. This guide is not intended to be restrictive to a specific configuration.1.2 This guide covers spray systems employing booms and nozzles and is not fully applicable to other systems such as fire monitors, sonic distributors, or fan-spray guns.1.3 This guide covers systems for use on ships, boats, helicopters, or airplanes.1.4 This guide is one of several related to dispersant application systems using booms and nozzles. One is on design, one on calibration, one on deposition measurements, and one on the use of the systems. Familiarity with all four guides is recommended.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide uses a weight-loss method of wear determination for the polymeric components used with hip joint prostheses, using serum or demonstrated equivalent fluid for lubrication, and running under a dynamic load profile representative of the human hip-joint forces during walking (1,2).5 The basis for this weight-loss method for wear measurement was originally developed (3) for pin-on-disk wear studies (see Practice F732) and has been extended to total hip replacements (4,5) femoral-tibial knee prostheses (6), and to femoropatellar knee prostheses (6,7).3.2 While wear results in a change in the physical dimensions of the specimen, it is distinct from dimensional changes due to creep or plastic deformation, in that wear generally results in the removal of material in the form of polymeric debris particles, causing a loss in weight of the specimen.3.3 This guide for measuring wear of the polymeric component is suitable for various simulator devices. These techniques can be used with metal, ceramic, carbon, polymeric, and composite counter faces bearing against a polymeric material (for example, polyethylene, polyacetal, and so forth). This weight-loss method, therefore, has universal application for wear studies of total hip replacements that feature polymeric bearings. This weight-loss method has not been validated for high-density material bearing systems, such as metal-metal, carbon-carbon, or ceramic-ceramic. Progressive wear of such rigid bearing combinations generally has been monitored using a linear, variable-displacement transducers or by other profilometric techniques.1.1 This guide describes a laboratory method using a weight-loss technique for evaluating the wear properties of materials or devices, or both, which are being considered for use as bearing surfaces of human-hip-joint replacement prostheses. The hip prostheses are evaluated in a device intended to simulate the tribological conditions encountered in the human hip joint, for example, use of a fluid such as bovine serum, or equivalent pseudosynovial fluid shown to simulate similar wear mechanisms and debris generation as found in vivo, and test frequencies of 1 Hz or less.1.2 Since the hip simulator method permits the use of actual implant designs, materials, and physiological load/motion combinations, it can represent a more physiological simulation than basic wear-screening tests, such as pin-on-disk (see Practice F732) or ring-on-disk (see ISO 6474).1.3 It is the intent of this guide to rank the combination of implant designs and materials with regard to material wear-rates, under simulated physiological conditions. It must be recognized, however, that there are many possible variations in the in vivo conditions, a single laboratory simulation with a fixed set of parameters may not be universally representative.1.4 The reference materials for the comparative evaluation of candidate materials, new devices, or components, or a combination thereof, shall be the wear rate of extruded or compression-molded, ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene (see Specification F648) bearing against standard counter faces [stainless steel (see Specification F138); cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (see Specification F75); thermomechanically processed cobalt chrome (see Specification F799); alumina ceramic (see Specification F603)], having typical prosthetic quality, surface finish, and geometry similar to those with established clinical history. These reference materials will be tested under the same wear conditions as the candidate materials.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide valid and repeatable test methods for the evaluation of selectorized strength equipment assembled and maintained according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Use of these test methods in conjunction with Specification F2216 is intended to maximize the reliability of selectorized strength equipment design and reduce the risk of serious injury resulting from design deficiencies.1.1 These test methods specify procedures and apparatus used for testing and evaluating selectorized strength equipment for compliance to Specification F2216. Both design and operational parameters will be evaluated. Where possible and applicable, accepted test methods from other recognized bodies will be used and referenced.1.2 Requirements—Selectorized strength equipment is to be tested in accordance with these test methods or Test Methods F2571 for all of the following parameters:1.2.1 Stability,1.2.2 Edge and corner sharpness,1.2.3 Tube ends,1.2.4 Weight stack travel,1.2.5 Weight stack selector pin retention,1.2.6 Function of adjustments and locking mechanisms,1.2.7 Handgrip design and retention,1.2.8 Assist mechanisms,1.2.9 Foot supports,1.2.10 Rope and belt systems:1.2.10.1 Static load,1.2.10.2 End fitting design,1.2.11 Chain drive design,1.2.12 Pulley design:1.2.12.1 Rope pulley design,1.2.12.2 Belt pulley design,1.2.13 Entrapment zones,1.2.14 Pull in points,1.2.15 Weight stack enclosure design,1.2.16 Loading and deflection:1.2.16.1 Intrinsic loading and associated deflection,1.2.16.2 Extrinsic loading and associated deflection,1.2.16.3 Endurance loading,1.2.17 Documentation and warnings verification, and1.2.18 Additional universal design and construction requirements.1.3 This test method2 contains additional requirements to address the accessibility of the equipment for persons with disabilities.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parenthesis are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the testing requirements for the structural performance of Condition 3 bicycle frames. The bicycle frames shall undergo horizontal and vertical loading fatigue tests, and impact strength test in accordance to a referenced ASTM test method. Frames that fail to meet the performance requirements shall be rejected.1.1 This specification establishes testing requirements for the structural performance properties of Condition 3 bicycle frames.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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